How changing recipients of golden roses reflect centuries of evolving papal influence

Image: The Conversation
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- Popes have bestowed golden roses on warriors, rulers, women – and, increasingly in recent decades, shrines.
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- Almost every ceremonial object or ornament of the medieval papal monarchy has disappeared or lost its original purpose. Yet one survives: the golden rose. On Sept. 26, 2026, during Pope Leo XIV's visit to France, he traveled to Lourdes, home to one of the world's most famous shrines to the Virgin…